As a general rule, the introduction of foreign species to habitat is not a good idea, at least if not preceded by a broad long-term effect investigation. Invasive species have been a problem since the 20th century, due to increasing global trade. From 1970 to 2014 alone, more than one -third of the introduction of non -native species to new habitats, according to Iucn.
This introduction is often unintentional, as animals will ride airplanes, boats, and other transport vehicles that bring them to the new continent. At other times, they are deliberately, issued by people who do not know the consequences, such as humans who release unwanted pets.
These invasive species often have significant negative effects, causing various ecological, health, and economic issues. Research Show that invasive species is one of the major contributors to biodiversity loss, as they go beyond natural species and/or too many victims, often leading to extinction.
They also cause billions of dollars in economic losses each year, through effects such as agricultural destruction, decreased native species that contribute to ecosystem services, and ecosystem degradation. Certain invasive species can cause wildlife problems and human health; For example, invasive algae releases dangerous toxins.
Some of the most famous invasive species caused a terrible problem, such as Kudzu, “South -eating wine” that exhibits uncontrolled growthand the Python Burma who has killed more than 80% of native wildlife in Everglades and caused a chaos up to the point Florida pays for the grace hunter to kill them. The other is European Starling (Starling Vulgaris)The songs of the eurasia and North Africa are now rampant throughout North America, all due to the tendency for William Shakespeare.
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Is the European Starling invasion caused by Shakespeare fans?
Over the years, this has been a story that was told about the European Starling Invasion to North America
As history says, European Starling was introduced to North America by Eugene Schieffin, the eccentric lover dedicated to releasing all the birds mentioned in Shakespeare’s work to the United States. On March 6, 1890, he allegedly released a hundred European stars to Central Park New York City, hoping they would grow in the United States and grow them.
European Starling is now absorbed throughout North America, with a population of 200 million. Many studies have shown that they cause nearly one billion dollars to damage agriculture each year, as well as the decline of native birds through the confiscation of their nesting sites. They are now one of the most famous invasive species in North America, and therefore, Schieffin’s story has been told as a warning story to warn of the dangers of ecological ignorance.
However, some work in scientific literature says that the story may be more fictional than the facts. One paper stating that only a few narrative elements can be confirmed, confirming that a man named Eugene Schieffelin helped introduce foreign birds to North America, but his role may have been over, and his setting with Shakespeare was designed. Other source Discuss that there is no record from Schieffelin on this story, or the first or second account that supports it.
No matter how it arrives, the population introduced Starling Vulgaris exploded, had unexpected consequences at the time.
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European Starling Wild Success in the United States
The explosion of the population introduced by the European stars is associated with their rapid evolution
European Starling perched on snowy wood
Several features of European Starling provide species of advantages in their new ecosystem in the United States, including their suitability to various habitats, aggressive and competitive properties, and nest parasitism.
One study Investigate the genetic diversity of the European stars in North America, comparing the genome Starling Vulgaris Individuals who live in a widely distributed location throughout the United States while they are the same, there are differences in their genome areas related to adjusting to temperature and rainfall. Research Suggesting that this shows the birds undergo a quick local adjustment to adapt to the specific conditions of their ecosystem, an unusual performance of genetic evolution for a short period of time.
European starlings also have high rates of movement, associated with their strong flying capabilities; They can migrate 1,000-1,500 km. This allows them to achieve a variety of environments, perhaps then specializing because of the existing genetic variations. However, its population growth and growth means that the potential of the negative impact of European stars has a widespread effect.
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As a result of an invasive European Starling in the US
Since their introduction in the 19th century, European stars in the United States have exploded and caused many problems
Large goats from the European stars (Starling Vulgaris)
Starling Vulgaris thought to cause significant economic losses, including estimates 800 million dollars of agricultural crop damage every year. They also consume animal and plant foods, and carry most of the diseases that are transmitted to livestock, poultry, and humans, which can potentially result in hundreds of millions of dollars in the cost of health care.
European Starlings builds large roosts in industrial buildings and structures, producing corrosive dirt, dirt, noise, odor, and health and safety hazards. They also gathered in a large herd, causing noise and attacks of bird aircraft, such as the 1960 Boston Electra plane crash.
Some studies suggest that aggressive and parasitism of European star nests has also contributed to the decline of native nest birds. A dense population of Starling Vulgaris has been linked to the decline in biodiversity, because of their dominance. However, Other studies It has been found that the species of native birds have held itself against European stars, failing to support this idea.
Other studies investigate the effect Starling Vulgaris about the diversity of birds, as well as specific relationships with other bird species. It found a negative trend Starling Vulgaris In contrast to the species, it has a positive influence on some, while other species have a negative effect.
This is one of the few studies that shows that the negative effects of the invasive European stars are too high, at least for some ecosystems and species.
Although they do not like European stars by people living in areas where they are invasive, they are very beautiful and intelligent birds. Starling Vulgaris is one of the most talented bird linguists, as it has incredible imitation and also learns other bird songs and imitates in succession of human speeches. This is one that mimics the animal government, together with The dominant Mimic is known as Australian Lyrebird. Mimic European stars often mechanical sounds and can be amazing Mimicking the Droid Star Wars’ R2D2 speech, as seen in YouTube videos.
Although many understand the negative feelings of European stars, others indicate That they are attractive birds and provide the opportunity to study rapid genetic evolution. Invasive consequences Starling Vulgaris It remains controversial, and agreed that more research is needed to fully explain their impact.
European Starling Invasion is a lesson that the introduction of non -native species to the new ecosystem should be warned, and only under special conditions after a comprehensive investigation.